Our Lady of Guadalupe: Catholic Christians pay homage to tilma image

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12: A series of miracles central to the heart of Latin America are recalled is the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Catholic accounts state that on the morning of Dec. 9, 1531, the peasant Juan Diego saw an apparition of a young girl at the Hill of Tepeyac, near Mexico City. Three days later, on Dec. 12, Juan Diego opened his cloak before a local bishop, and an image of Our Lady that is still vivid today was imprinted inside. The apparitions seen by Juan Diego bridged a gap between the natives’ belief systems and the Catholic religion. (Learn more from Global Catholic Network.) The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe has been cherished by Mexicans for centuries.

JUAN DIEGO AND THE APPARITION

According to Catholic tradition: On the morning of December 9, 1531, Juan Diego was on his way to Mass. While walking, Juan Diego spotted a young girl at the Hill of Tepeyac; the girl spoke to him in his native language, Nahuatl, and asked that a church be built at the site, in her honor. (Wikipedia has details.) Based on her words, Juan Diego recognized the girl as the Virgin Mary.

When Juan Diego approached Spanish Archbishop Fray Juan de Zumarraga, the archbishop asked for proof of the apparition’s identity. The Virgin Mary instructed Juan Diego to gather out-of-season Castilian roses from a hilltop, and to revisit the archbishop. Juan Diego opened his cloak before the archbishop, letting the roses fall to the floor, and there, on the inside of the tilma (cloak), was an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe.

ABOUT THE TILMA

According to Catholic sources: Several miracles have been associated with Juan Diego’s tilma through the centuries, including the very tilma itself: with its construction of coarse cactus fiber, the tilma should have degraded hundreds of years ago. The colors forming the image of Our Lady are as yet unidentified, and in 1951, photographers discovered reflections in the Virgin’s eyes that identify the individuals present at Juan Diego’s unveiling. Studies have revealed that the stars in Mary’s mantle match what would have been seen in the Mexican sky in December of 1531.

MILLIONS FLOCK TO MARIAN PILGRIMAGE SITE

The Virgin Mary has been deemed the “Queen of Mexico,” and in 1945, Pope Pius XII declared her the the Empress of all the Americas. Currently, the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe competes for the most visited Catholic pilgrimage destination in the world. Peasant Juan Diego was canonized in 2002.

A MEXICAN MENU, GUADALUPE HYMNS AND MORE

Catholics everywhere can honor Our Lady of Guadalup with a novena, or with a Mexican dinner in honor of Juan Diego and the basilica. (Find recipes at Fine Cooking and Food.com. For novenas and more, visit CatholicCulture.org.) Beef broth, flan, Mexican bread pudding and mole poblano—finished with café con leche—could all contribute to a dinner feast for the occasion.

 

Stir-up Sunday: Observe Feast of Christ the King with plum pudding

“And he hath on his garment and on his thigh written: King of Kings and Lord of Lords.”
Revelation 19:16

SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 23: Prepare the Christmas pudding and pay tribute to Jesus triumphant on the Feast of Christ the King. During the last Sunday before Advent, Western Christian churches (Roman Catholics and most Protestants) recognize Jesus as the king of the Church and of every nation; throughout the Advent season, Christians await the “coming King.”

For the world’s billion-plus Catholics, an official Feast of Christ the King was instituted in 1925 by Pope Pius XI in response to what he saw as growing secularism around the world. The pontiff emphasized Christ’s royal reign over all nations and peoples. (Wikipedia has details.)

Culturally, the Sunday before Advent had long been associated with the “stir-up” of Christmas puddings—thus earning the nickname, “Stir-up Sunday.”

CHRISTMAS PLUM PUDDING:
A STIR-UP SUNDAY TRADITION

The Book of Common Prayer of 1549 (CE) contained a collect (opening prayer) that was used in Mass on the last Sunday before Advent. Its contents read, in part: “Stir up, we beseech thee, O Lord, the wills of thy faithful people …” Christmas puddings traditionally had to stand for several weeks, and as such, this reminder to “stir up” was taken literally by cooks, who would begin making puddings after the day’s church services. Though more popular in Britain than the U.S., puddings were and still are a part of the Feast of Christ the King. Families can still gather in the kitchen after Mass, soaking dried fruits and stirring the pudding that will grace the Christmas table. In some households, elders place coins and other trinkets in the pudding, which are believed to bring luck and health to the recipient.

Regional variations of the traditional Christmas pudding are as diverse as the places from which they come, and ingredients can range from dried plums, orange peels and currants to macadamia nuts and dried pineapple. Those looking for a traditional recipe can turn to Catholic Culture and the BBC food blog. Savvy cooks can check out what chefs out of the UK are saying this year. The best part about trying a hand at steaming the Christmas pudding? Reviving a tradition that is in danger of being lost.

ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCES 

In many parts of the Christian Church, congregations organize processions for Christ the King and recite prayers with this intention. Catholic Culture encourages adherents to read the writings from Pope Pius XI and Pope John Paul II on Christ as king (readings and more available here).

Annunciation: Christians recall Gabriel’s visit to Mary

TUESDAY, MARCH 25: Jesus’s Passion and Easter (Pascha) may be on the horizon for the world’s 2.1 billion Christians, but today the Church turns to an event much earlier in the story of Jesus: the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Delivered by the angel Gabriel, the Annunciation informed Mary that she would soon conceive and bear a son; this son, to be named “Jesus,” would be the savior of mankind, according to Christian tradition. The Gospel of Luke describes how Mary, though frightened at first, listened to Gabriel’s words and then replied: “Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word.” In the Church’s calendar, the Annunciation falls precisely nine months before Christmas.

Gospels give no concrete evidence of the location of Mary’s Annunciation, though most agree that it took place somewhere in Nazareth. (Wikipedia has details.) While Elizabeth was six months pregnant with John the Baptist, the Annunciation was given to Mary: It’s written that John “leaped” inside Elizabeth upon hearing Mary’s news. As part of the Annunciation, Gabriel assured Mary that she had found favor with God, and the Catholic church emphasizes God’s decision to not only place the Son of God in her womb, but to “enrich her soul with a fullness of grace,” as well. (The Global Catholic Network has more.) The Annunciation is held in such high esteem, in fact, that it is observed as a feast in the Eastern Church even if it falls on Great and Holy Friday. The Annunciation is also described in the Quran, and Muslims tradition relates the Annunciation as having taken place during the month of Ramadan.

Christmas Octave honors Mary and ancient Feast of Circumcision

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 1: Christians around the world mark the Gregorian New Year’s Day with festivals celebrating the early life of Jesus: the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God; the Feast of the Circumcision; and the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus.

What’s “an Octave”? In traditional Christian language, this is the Octave of Christmas, a special remembrance to mark the passing of eight days from a major feast. Eastern Christians use the term “Afterfeast.” Over the centuries, the Vatican has downsized and simplified the calendar of Octaves in an attempt to focus the faithful on the most significant celebrations in the Christian year. Once there were more than a dozen Octaves celebrated each year. Today, the main Catholic Octaves follow Christmas and Easter.

The Circumcision: In accordance with their Jewish tradition, Mary and Joseph had Jesus circumcised eight days after his birth. It was on this day that he received his name Jesus. This is also a time when Mary’s role is recognized as “mother of God.” Orthodox Christians bestow the title Theotokos, or God-bearer.

The branches of Christianity now mark this day in various ways from almost no observance in American Protestant churches to elaborate liturgies in more traditional denominations. These customs have evolved over many centuries. A feast honoring Mary as the Mother of God initially began in the East, and Romans were observing a celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary by the 7th century. But, 600 years later, the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ had replaced the Marian feast. In 1974, Pope Paul VI swapped the Jan. 1 Feast of the Circumcision for the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Today, Catholics mark the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God on Jan. 1; Anglicans and Lutherans keep the Circumcision of Christ; members of the Church of England refer to this as “The Naming and Circumcision of Jesus Christ.” Eastern Orthodox Christians combine rites with hymns of St. Basil the Great.

IN THE NEWS:
2014 ‘MARY’ MOVIE and MORE

The first poster has officially been released for the 2014 movie, Mary, Mother of Christ, due in theaters in December. Starring a 16-year-old Israeli actress as Mary, the film boasts megachurch pastor Joel Osteen as an executive director and Australian filmmaker Alister Grierson as director. (The Christian Post has an article.) Two more biblical blockbusters are lined up for 2014 release, including “Noah”—starring Russel Crowe, Jennifer Connelly and Emma Watson—and a Moses film, entitled, “Exodus.”

A recent CNN article delved into the reality of Mary’s motherhood—much of which goes unmentioned in the Gospels. While many will fondly embrace Mary’s relationship with Jesus as without conflict, that may not be so: The Gospels describe a few notable miscommunications and tensions, not so different from relations in most families. In the end, though, Jesus asked His disciples to care for His mother after His death—a considerable act of compassion.

Feast of the Holy Family: Christians heed ways of Mary, Joseph, Jesus

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 29: Marriage and family are celebrated throughout the Catholic Church and, today, the faithful look to one family in particular for blessings and guidance: Today is the Feast of the Holy Family. In 2014, the focus of the Extraordinary meeting of the Synod of Bishops will be marriage and family—which Pope Francis addressed questions for in a recent Vatican interview—and for most Christians, there is no better model than Jesus, Mary and Joseph. Although the Bible tells very little about the childhood of Jesus, many writers down through the centuries have added stories about the family’s life together. (In fact, ReadTheSpirit is recommending a new book about the boyhood of Jesus by Chris Stepien, called Three Days.)

St. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote about the remarkable situation of Jesus living in his parents’ home: “God, to whom angels submit themselves and who principalities and powers obey, was subject to Mary; and not only to Mary but Joseph also for Mary’s sake [….]. God obeyed a human creature; this is humility without precedent. A human creature commands God; it is sublime beyond measure.” (First Homily on the ‘Missus Est’).

Veneration of the Holy Family officially began in the 17th century with Blessed Francois de Laval, the first bishop of New France, and it was instituted by Pope Leo XIII in 1893. Though the feast day has moved around the Church calendar through the years, it now occurs in the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas. (Wikipedia has details.)

For home-based resources:  Catholic Culture suggests appropriate prayers and activities, including an array of Lebanese recipes the like of which Mary would have prepared for Jesus and Joseph.

Our Lady of Guadalupe: Mexicans, Catholics hail Mary & Juan Diego

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12: “Joyful” can hardly describe the atmosphere in Mexico today, as young and old gather in celebration of the Virgin Mary’s apparitions to Juan Diego as Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Tradition tells that on Dec. 9, 1531, peasant Juan Diego saw an apparition of a young girl at the Hill of Tepeyac, near Mexico City—a hill that held importance for the Aztecs—and the girl spoke to him in his native language, Nahuatl. The girl asked that a church be built on the site in her honor. When Spanish Catholic leaders doubted Juan Diego’s request—made a few days later, on Dec. 12—the peasant opened his cloak and out-of-season roses fell to the floor; an image of the girl, the Virgin Mary, was imprinted on his tilma (cloak).

Did you know? There are three churches dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico. The basilica in Mexico City holds the tilma.

Today, the tilma hangs above the altar at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City. The basilica remains one of the most-visited Catholic pilgrimage sites in the world, although for Mexicans, Our Lady of Guadalupe is much more than a saint. In Mexico, she represents a mother to all, an intercessor between the faithful and God. She is widely regarded as the Queen of Mexico and the Patroness of the Americas. (Wikipedia has details.)

JUAN DIEGO, MARY & THE TILMA

After the Spanish Conquest of 1519-1521, the Aztec population in Mexico was reluctant to accept Christianity: their temple of the mother-goddess, Tonantzin, had been destroyed at Tepeyac, and a chapel for the Virgin Mary had been constructed in its place. Yet a decade later, a peasant by the name of Juan Diego saw an apparition—an apparition that, despite identifying herself as the Virgin Mary, also bore symbolic and visual elements that were similar to Tonantzin. Aztecs soon began traveling hundreds of miles to see the sacred tilma, and thereafter converting to Christianity by the millions because of Our Lady of Guadalupe.

Several miracles have been attributed to the tilma since 1531, including its own self-preservation through the centuries; three studies have been published on analyses of the image and the fabric. Juan Diego was declared a saint in the Catholic Church in 2002.

IN MEXICO:
THE NUESTRA SENORA DE GUADALUPE
(AND RECIPES)

In Mexico, to hear men and women speak of Our Lady of Guadalupe is like hearing a description of their own mothers: humble, down-to-earth, loving. Acclaimed Mexican-American Artist Lalo Garcia explains it like this: Mexicans “have a very intimate and personal relationship with her. We talk to her, we sing to her, we dance with her … and we really do not see her up on a pedestal like we do with the saints or with Jesus on the cross. She is down (here) with us. She is with us.”

This relationship is not exclusive to Mexico. In fact, today, Godsigns columnist Suzy Farbman reports an inspiring story of how the final days of one man, the beloved patriarch of an American family, were transformed by the scent of roses.

During the evening of Dec. 11, processions fill the streets, and firecrackers provide a lively soundtrack; babies and children are dressed to represent the many Indian tribes of Mexico. (One pilgrim illustrates the scene in her blog.) A Mass of thanksgiving is conducted at the Basilica, and the following morning, devotees dress in their finest to bring roses, poinsettias and other small gifts to the altar of Our Lady. (Learn more from Catholic Culture.) The faithful outside of Mexico can—and do—set up their own shrines for Our Lady of Guadalupe, most often accompanied by Mexican baked goods and prayers to the Virgin. (Find a recipe for Mexican sopapias here.) Check listings in your community for local events, which may take place as late as this weekend.

IN THE NEWS:
GUADALUPE FILM RELEASED;
POPE SENDS GOLDEN ROSE;
HOPE CAST TO CALIFORNIA PRISONERS

A recent Pew report states that Latinos are now the largest minority group and among the fastest growing populations in the United States. To bring awareness of the events of Our Lady of Guadalupe to the North American audience, a recent film was released by director Tim Watkins: the 2013 investigative documentary, The Blood & The Rose. The National Catholic Register wrote about the film earlier this year.

Roses are central to the imagery of Our Lady of Guadalupe, and this year, Pope Francis sent a golden rose to the shrine, with these words: “Our hearts more than our heads know the debt of love we owe you.” In 1966, Pope Paul VI also sent a golden rose to the shrine.

Several cities are seeing growth in their Guadalupe events, such as Des Plaines, Illinois, where 150,000 worshipers are expected at an outdoor shrine—up from just 10 celebrants 26 years ago (Chicago Tribune has an article). Californians have been participating in the procession and mass for Our Lady of Guadalupe for 82 years—the oldest religious procession in Los Angeles—and this year, more than 30,000 are expected to turn up for the events. Nearby, a digital reproduction of the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe inspired inmates in a women’s jail, bringing new hope with the centuries-old image, reported the Huffington Post.

St. Francis of Assisi: This year, pets overshadowed by the Pope

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4: A holiday that largely has become an opportunity for pet lovers to celebrate spiritual connections with animals has, this year, been eclipsed by the news out of the Vatican by the current “real” Francis—Pope Francis.

Francis already made front-page headlines around the world for his bombshell interview. (In addition to that story, the OurValues project explored Francis’ overture in a five-part series. Looking for movies on Francis? Check out four reviews from a leading national film critic, at Visual Parables ). Clearly, this is a Pope on the move! This week, journalists from around the globe will be covering Francis once again. He has chosen the annual feast of St. Francis as the high point of his first gathering with the eight Catholic cardinals from around the world who will consult with him in reforming the Vatican.

Many correspondents already have been filing stories about this gathering—because of Pope Francis’s news-savvy choice of the meeting place: Assisi. The pontiff, who has lived most of his life in South America, has never visited Assisi. On October 4, his one-day pilgrimage to Assisi will include the eight cardinals from around the world who are charged with helping to advise him as he reforms the Vatican and its relationship with the global church. He will meet with these cardinals for three days inside the Vatican from October 1 to 3, then they will travel together to Assisi.

The Vatican has just released the Pope’s official schedule in Assisi, moving throughout the day between private time, time with his eight advisers—and time with ordinary people, as well. He will begin at 8 a.m. in Assisi with a visit to the Serafico Institute, a religious charitable institution that cares for sick and disabled children. He will spend a half an hour with the children. Then, he will move on to visit “the Shrine of San Damian where St. Francis had his conversion after hearing the voice of Jesus,” the Vatican itinerary says. By 9:20, he will reach the Archbishop of Assisi’s residence and will visit “the famous room where St. Francis stripped off his clothes and gave them back to his father and from then on lived a life of poverty dedicated to Christ. In this room, the Pope will meet poor people” who are assisted through Catholic programs.

Mid-day, the group will visit St. Francis’ tomb and will celebrate a huge Mass in St. Francis Square. Early afternoon, the Pope will lunch with the poor people who are being assisted in Catholic programs. The afternoon is devoted to meetings with various groups: clergy, religious sisters, members of regional pastoral councils, professionals working with the poor and vulnerable. He will conclude with a speech in the square focused on young people—and will spend time meeting and talking with young people. Then, he and his eight counselors will head back to the Vatican.

Pope Francis knows that St. Francis is honored by Christians and non-Christians, especially including Muslims who see Francis as an early interfaith peacemaker. Historically, no other medieval saint is better documented than St. Francis: personal writings, Order rules, disciples’ accounts and multiple biographies add to the many volumes penned about his life and ideas.

Born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernadone in 1181/82 CE, the patron saint of Italy enjoyed a childhood of wealth and luxury before cutting ties with his material-minded father and strictly following the ways of Christ. Disciples slowly gathered to his side, and Francis went on to found the men’s Order of Friars Minor and the women’s Order of St. Clare—no easy task, at a time when an Order required authorization from a skeptical pope. Though never officially ordained, Francis led the Order, which grew at a rate unparalleled to other religious orders of the time. To maintain organization, Francis created a Rule of the Order: “to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity.” Well known for his passion for animals, the environment and all of creation, even modern believers can gain inspiration: during World Environment Day 1982, Catholics were put to the challenge of caring for creation with the same love as St. Francis, acting not as predators, but as stewards.

Did you know? St. Francis of Assisi received the stigmata in 1224 CE, making him the first recorded person to receive these wounds regarded as a sacred sign in Christian tradition.

Already this week, Pope Francis has talked publicly about the Spirit of Assisi, referring to the historic 1986 World Day of Prayer for Peace at which Pope John Paul II hosted 160 religious leaders from around the world to pray and fast for peace in Assisi. A Vatican Radio report summarized the pontiff’s talk this way:

The Pope pointed out that in the past few months it has become evident that the world needs the “spirit” that sparked that historic 1986 meeting. He said “we must never resign ourselves to the pain of entire peoples who are hostages of war, poverty, exploitation. We must not stand by helpless and indifferent before the tragedy of children, families and elderly people who are affected by violence. We can not allow terrorism to imprison the heart of a few violent people and to sow so much death and pain. Let us all say out loud, without interruption, that there can be no religious justification for violence; in whatever way it manifests itself. As Pope Benedict XVI pointed out two years ago, on the 25th anniversary of the Assisi meeting, all forms of religiously motivated violence must be stamped out, and together we must make sure the world does not fall prey to that violence that is contained in every project of civilization which is based on a ‘no’ to God.”

The Pope also said: “As leaders of the different religions we can do much. Peace is everyone’s responsibility. Praying for peace, working for peace! A religious leader is always a man of peace, because the commandment of peace is inscribed in the depths of the religious traditions we represent. But what can we do?”